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Title : Bertolt Brecht’S “The Life Of Galileo” Is The Changing Consciousness Of The World: Responsibleness Of The Intellectual To Defend His Or Her Beliefs Inwards The Aspect Upward Of Opposition From Established Regime
link : Bertolt Brecht’S “The Life Of Galileo” Is The Changing Consciousness Of The World: Responsibleness Of The Intellectual To Defend His Or Her Beliefs Inwards The Aspect Upward Of Opposition From Established Regime

Bertolt Brecht’S “The Life Of Galileo” Is The Changing Consciousness Of The World: Responsibleness Of The Intellectual To Defend His Or Her Beliefs Inwards The Aspect Upward Of Opposition From Established Regime

The key to Bertolt Brecht’s theatre is the changing consciousness of the world. By this Brecht the most influential High German dramatist as well as theoretician of the house inwards the 20th century meant foremost of all the transforming of social human relationship — what he referred to every bit social overhaul. After the overhaul of club which occurred inwards High German Democratic Republic, Brecht spoke, especially inwards his lastly years, of the transformation of the world, which had move fifty-fifty to a greater extent than urgent because of the possibilities as well as necessities of the dialectical process. The theatre of the scientific age,” he wrote, “is inwards a seat to brand dialectics into a source of enjoyment.” (Brecht on theatre: The Development of an Aesthetics). Social dialectics inwards moral grade results inwards a moral paradox which is at the root of Brecht’s theatre. It arises throughout his plays from the clash betwixt ends as well as means, betwixt the intention as well as the affect, betwixt the private as well as the world. The Communist agent who has to live roughshod to live kind; Mother Courage who has to deny 1 kid to relieve another; or Galileo, whose unscrupulous dishonesty makes his inquiry possible but whose betrayal of the truth takes scientific discipline out of the street as well as into the service either of a courtroom or of a private study — this increasing as well as organizing differentiation inwards the presentation of people as well as their human relationship according to their need, selection as well as destination with each other subtly develops inwards the community a strength which it needs for larger change. This is theatre every bit a consciousness which does non exactly motion painting the world but produces it: every bit Lenin remarked, “Human consciousness non solely reflects the objective world but also creates it.”

Leben des Galilei (1955; Galileo, 1947) deals with the responsibleness of the intellectual to defend his or her beliefs inwards the human face upwards of opposition from established authorities, inwards Galileo’s illustration the Roman Catholic Church. In life of Galileo inwards item this reflection of objective world & ultimately the creation of “new ethics” of the “new world” is quite apparent. It is the changing “human consciousness’ of Andrea, the nearest & dearest disciple of Galileo, though whom the dialectically synthesized graphic symbol of Galileo & the characteristics of the “new age” are projected. Through his verbal repartee with Galileo a low-cal is thrown on Galileo’s subject of research: “everything moves”. Galileo farther says, “Where belief has prevailed for a K years, uncertainty similar a shot prevails”. “...a non bad wish has arisen to fathom the causes of all things’. / “And as well as so it may hand that a suspicion arises, for novel experience/makes the established truth opened upwards to question. Doubt spreads/And as well as so 1 twenty-four hours a human being thoughtfully strikes it out/From the tape of knowledge. (In praise of Doubt, Brecht). Now Andrea sings a vocal almost similar Greek chorus with Galileo, the iconoclast ‘man” of this play:

“Oh happy forenoon of beginning

Oh odor of winds from novel as well as distant shores”.

 

Galileo

But Andrea is non mature plenty to translate the cosmic mobility every bit the symbol of coming of a novel historic menstruum — the historic menstruum of commercialism marked yesteryear rotation of coin & belongings contrasted to the feudalism which is marked yesteryear stativity of belongings due to its landed interest. In fact regarding “Copernicus as well as his rotation” he says, “It’s really hard as well as I’m solely 11 side yesteryear side October.” In his nascent consciousness scientific discipline is still a magic, the practical demonstration of which to his woman parent “will amaze her”. But Galileo wants to dispel the magic charm surrounding the scientific perception of Andrea because Andrea is the representative of the novel generation for whom, according to Galileo, “there are ever novel things...to do”. So Galileo is “teaching him to see” as well as with Andrea a whole generation is beingness taught to see. But the tragedy is that, inwards the lastly scene when the manuscript is beingness smuggled out of the the world yesteryear this really Andrea, the boys playing at the frontier— the boys who would take away hold been Galileo’s audience — are talking of devils & witches. Both thing hand a way of continuing science, as well as a way of detaching it from ordinary life. This social duality is the mirror reflection of Galileo’s ain graphic symbol which is farther affirmed yesteryear the fact when Galileo drops out Andrea for the sake of fifteen scudi given yesteryear Ludovico. Actually Galileo has a complex consciousness inwards which non solely this but also that must live said. But Andrea does non endure from whatever such complex duality of character. He is every bit loyal to scientific discipline every bit to Galileo. When Galileo says The regime take away hold forbidden them, Andrea tin strength out easily rep ‘But they’re the truth’; 1 time to a greater extent than he tin strength out easily sacrifice his coat to his mentor:

“The one-half scudo was non enough. I had to move out my coat behind. Pledge “Ardrea in all probability can’t split upwards scientific discipline from Galileo. His loyalty to both is so deep that towards the destination of the foremost scene he declares: I should similar live physicist too, Signor Galilee.

Galileo, too, spiritually depends upon Ardrea every bit the representative of coming generation. As shortly every bit he finds a novel chemical factor through his telescope he says, “I wish to run into something that nobody every bit good us has seen since the world began. Ardrea is non solely able to sense & appreciate a scientific regain foremost but also has the capacity to undo the Ptolemaic hoax — his fighting with Cosimo on the betoken of mobility of cosmos & consequently breaking of the model of Ptolemaic scheme is symbolic foregrounding of the refusal of that scheme yesteryear fourth dimension itself. Besides, for Andrea the hierarchical construction is fluid, so he tin strength out equate himself with the Duke.

Andrea reappears on the phase every bit a immature man. Science is similar a shot no to a greater extent than magic to him. It has move business office of his life. He similar a shot investigates Sun spots around other of import regain of Galileo. “I take away hold seen a spot, every bit large every bit a fly, swept away similar a cloudlet.” Then he asks, “Why don’t nosotros investigate the spots, Signor Galilee?” Galileo’s diplomatic reply — “Rome has permitted yesteryear reputation to grow because I take away hold remained silent” can’t satisfy him. That’s why he 1 time to a greater extent than asks every bit a ‘Deplorable child’, ‘Do yous recall these spots take away hold anything to practice with this matter?” Andrea becomes alter ego of Galileo’s that business office which suffers from compromise of other part. At this point, Brecht’s phase administration says, “Galileo does non answer.’ But nosotros recall Galileo can’t answer.

Galileo, the man, has to live still for the sake of Galileo, the scholar. He is both 1 of the greatest scientists of all times, as well as a human being governed yesteryear his instincts. In his ain words, “It’s when I’m eating that I acquire most inspiration.” But his urge to move on with his researches is his basic instinct — the facial expression of his essential self. That is why every bit shortly every bit it is reported that Cardinal Barberini, a human being of science, is going to live the side yesteryear side Pope, Galileo starts his solar experiments with novel hope. Now Andrea is happy because he has found his idol 1 time to a greater extent than inwards his niche’. He hymns a vocal almost similar chorus: The Bible says the world stands still, my dears/A fact which every learned doc proves :1 The Holy Father grabs it yesteryear the ears/And holds it hard as well as fast.

— And yet it moves”. Federzoni asks, “Who ascendence the world to stand upwards still so that their castles don’t come upwards tumbling down!” Andrea replies, “And the Ceneis as well as the Villain”, “The Lecchis” — the non bad landowning families — according to Andrea, “who are solely willing to osculation Pope’s feet if he’ll trample downwards the people with them.” The proposition is that they volition all, inwards their cast interests, bring together together against anything that encourages the peasants to recall for themselves. That’s why inwards this scene-viii Virginia’s betrothed, Ludovico, breaks off the engagement. Ludivico is a landowner, as well as Counts on the say-so of organized faith to hold his peasants properly submissive.

The landed interests are on the side of the Church. In the feudally as well as hierarchically organized Church, which owing nigh a tertiary of the the world inwards every country, occupied a seat of tremendous powerfulness inwards the feudal organization. Besides, the clergy was the solely educated class. Therefore, “Jurisprudence, natural science, philosophy” to quote Marx, “everything was dealt with according to whether its content agreed or disagreed with the doctrines of the Church” (Juristic Socialism). That’s why Andrea & Galileo are elated at the enthronement of the novel Pope who mightiness assist inwards the officialisation of truth. From the womb of Church based feudalism, however, a novel cast appeared at that fourth dimension inwards opposition to the large the world ownership. “The Catholic world outlook”, 1 time to a greater extent than to quote Marx, “fashioned on the designing of feudalism, was no longer adequate for this novel cast as well as its weather condition of production as well as exchange” (Ibid). This newer cast are on Galileo’s side. Galileo is pop alongside them because of his utilitarianisation of science. They are mentioned hither as well as in that place : the navigators who wish improve charts as well as instruments, the linen merchants who wish improve looms, Federzoni the lens-maker, Vanni the iron-founder, who says, “You take away hold friends throughout the world of commerce” as well as offers assist to Galileo as well as the glass-cutter whose assist he tries to take. Everyone who understands instruments as well as machines, as well as tin strength out brand utilisation of his inventions, knows it is nonsense that truth inwards physics cannot brand truth inwards fact. Nevertheless, this novel cast remained for a long fourth dimension captive inwards the bonds of almighty theology.

In the next scene the see that world moves circular the sun, has been taken upwards yesteryear the peoples every bit a subject for the carnival. They care for it every bit a huge joke against the established regime as well as all the one-time notions of decorum. If Galileo tin strength out modify the monastic say of sky yesteryear the decentralization of the world from the Ptolemaic cosmos, they seem to imply, why should as well as could non they dethroned the Papal establishment from social order? This see is suggested, rather than explicitly stated, inwards the comic songs & dances of shopkeepers, workmen, beggars & servants. But Galileo himself, of course, has never suggested this; the notion suggests itself to the uneducated populace. In Galileo a mutual human being as well as a scholar ever vies with each other. When Galileo, the human being thinks of the commercial productivity of telescope, then, Galileo, the scholar, considers the scientific potential of the same. The mutual human being inwards him fears to live tortured fifty-fifty for the sake of truth; on the other mitt the scholar has to stick to the betoken of cosmic mobility inwards monastic say to reestablish the Copernican fact socially. So 1 time to a greater extent than a moral paradox takes house — what volition Galileo do? Will he recant? Will he forget, “How laboriously the novel truth was fought for!/What sacrifices it cost/How hard it was to see/that things were so as well as non thus.” (In praise of Doubt, Brecht). Andrea has unquestioned faith on his icon of heroism. He says, “he volition never recant.” But Brecht doesn’t wish so. Again inwards this crucial juncture of the play similar Greek chorus he shouts suddenly, “And the Sun is the centre of the universe as well as motionless inwards its house as well as the world is non the centre as well as it is non motionless. And he is the 1 who showed it to us.” Once Galileo said, “He who does non know the truth is exactly an idiot, but he who knows it as well as calls it a lie, is a criminal.” Andrea reminds us this, too, inwards scene-xi as well as comments, “Force has non prevailed.., human being is non afraid of death.” But tragically plenty Galileo is afraid of expiry — the really demo of instruments of strength has prevailed over him. Galileo recants. The icon of hero is crushed yesteryear the organized machinery. Andrea screams at him ‘Wine bag! Snail-eater! Have yous saved your precious skin?” Galileo has forgotten the lines “You who are a leader of men, practice non forget/That yous are that because yous doubted other leaders” (In praise of Doubt, Brecht). So Andrea “cannot await at him. He must go.”

Galileo seems to live a criminal non solely for his betrayal of the truth but also inwards frustrating the fate of his comrades. Andrea inwards the side yesteryear side scene informs us, “Federzoni is 1 time once to a greater extent than grinding lenses inwards around store inwards Milan”, “Fulganzio, as well as our fiddling monk, has given upwards inquiry as well as has returned to the bosom of the Church” as well as Andrea cannot move a physicist. One recantation has shattered several lives. “There is no greater criminal offence than leaving” to quote from Brecht, “In friends what practice yous count on?...only on this : they’re non leaving”. (There is no greater criminal offence than leaving, Brecht). But did Galileo move out his inquiry of science, too? No, it can’t live possible. Science is the nucleus of his existence. So fifty-fifty inwards his imprisonment he continues to operate as well as search for truth for the sake of truth only, at the terms of his decaying eyesight, without whatever hope that 1 twenty-four hours posterity volition regain out his Discorsi. Such a devoted boy of scientific discipline can’t forget the deceit committed yesteryear himself to his mother. Once his reply to Andrea’s cry: “Pity the the world that has no heroes” was “Pity the the world that needs heroes.” Years afterwards when the same disciple visits him for the lastly fourth dimension earlier going to Holland, he hands him the manuscript which his recantation has enabled him to complete. This disciple, thinking that he understands at lastly the motive of his recantation, hails Iim every bit a hero, but Galileo who knew clearly what he meant when he deplored that fact the world should require heroes, refuses Andrea’s praise, for he tin strength out already anticipate the terrible import of his action. He sees himself every bit a criminal because he “surrendered” his knowledge, according to him, “to those inwards power, to use, or non to use, or to misuse, exactly every bit suited their purposes”. But Brecht himself says, every bit a playwright should. : ‘In spite of all he is a hero — as well as inwards spite of all — he becomes a criminal.

Actually Galileo is neither a hero nor a criminal — he is the cunning scientist of the novel age, an historic menstruum inwards which it is ‘better tainted than empty.” This is “new scientific discipline novel ethics.” Galileo’s progressive thesis was that God is “in us or no where”. Church forced to flora a reactionary anti-thesis that world is the centre of the universe. Through the clash of thesis as well as anti-thesis the synthesis is achieved; according to Marx, ‘It was secularization the theological outlook. Human correct took the house of dogma, of divine right, the province took the house of the Church”. (On Religion, Karl Marx) State for its ain practice goodness brings upwards scientists similar Galileo who nether the shelter of the province at 1 time enjoys delicious goose & scientific research. But neither scientific discipline nor the dialectics of historical materialism tin strength out halt inwards a sure enough betoken of synthesis. Human culture proceeds through the negation of negation. After the negation of Church, in that place should live the negation of province nether whose power, “new machines volition stand upwards for nix but novel way of oppression”. “The movements of the stars take away hold move clearer; but to the volume of the people the movements ot their masters are still incalculable.” Again a socioeconomic conflict volition accept house betwixt the re-thesis of capitalist original & re-anti-thesis of oppressed mass. After this the lastly synthesis volition live achieved. But this historical probability is growing inwards the womb of posterity. To destination with Andrea: “We are actually solely at the beginning.”

 Ardhendu De

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